It is a very excellent animation which explains the hiv replication very clearly.
For free download of this video please visit my webpage
http://rufusrajadurai.wetpaint.com/
And other 3D animation videos visit
http://rufusrajadurai.wetpaint.com/page/3D+Medical+Animation+Library
Regards,
Dr.Rufus
The Lyrics of this video is here
Targeting HIV replication
The replication of HIV 1 is a multi-stage process.
Each step is crucial to successful replication and is therefore a potential target of antiretroviral drugs.
Step one is the infection of a suitable host-cell, such as a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte.
Entry of HIV into the cell requires the presence of certain receptors on the cell surface, CD4 -- receptors and co-receptors such as CCR5 or CXCR4.
These receptors interact with protein-complexes, which are embedded in the viral envelope.
These complexes are composed of two glycoproteins:
an extracellular gp 120 and
a transmembrane gp 41
When HIV approaches the target cell gp120 binds to the CD4-receptors. This process is termed attachment.
It promotes further binding to a co-receptor. Co-receptor binding results in a conformational change in gp120.
This allows gp41 to unfold and insert its hydrophobic terminus into the cell membrane.
Gp 41 then folds back on itself.
This draws the virus towards the cell and facilitates the fusion of their membranes.
The viral nucleocapsid enters the host cell and breaks open releasing two viral RNA-strands and 3 essential replication enzymes:
Integrase, Protease and Reverse Transcriptase.
Reverse Transcriptase begins the reverse transcription of viral RNA.
It has two catalytic domains:
The Ribonuclease-H active site
And the polymerase active site
Here single stranded viral RNA is transcribed into an RNA-DNA double helix. Ribonuclease- H breaks down the RNA.
The polymerase then completes the remaining DNA-strand to form a DNA -- double helix.
Now Integrase goes into action.
It cleaves a dinucleotide from each 3-prime end of the DNA creating two sticky ends.
Integrase then transfers the DNA into the cell nucleus and facilitates its integration into the host cell genome.
The host cell genome now contains the genetic information of HIV.
Activation of the cell induces transcription of proviral DNA into messenger RNA.
The viral messenger RNA migrates into the cytoplasm where building blocks for a new virus are synthesised.
Some of them have to be processed by the viral protease.
Protease cleaves longer proteins into smaller core proteins.
This step is crucial to create an infectious virus.
Two viral RNA-strands and the replication enzymes then come together and core proteins assemble around them forming the capsid.
This immature particle leaves the cell acquiring a new envelope of host and viral proteins.
The virus matures and becomes ready to infect other cells.
HIV replicates billions of times per day destroying the hosts` immune cells and eventually causing disease progression.
Drugs which interfere with the key steps of viral replication can stop this fatal process.
Entry into the host cell can be blocked by fusion inhibitors for example.
Inhibition of reverse transcriptase by nucleoside inhibitors or by non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase- inhibitors is part of standard antiretroviral regimens.
The action of Integrase can be blocked.
Protease inhibitors are also part of standard antiretroviral therapy.
Each blocked step in viral replication is a step towards better control of HIV disease.
Script, Storyboard, Art Direction by: Frank Schauder, MD
Animation: MACKEVISION
Publicity: Dr.Rufus Rajadurai.MD.,D.DENS.,
Channel: Education Uploaded: March 3, 2007 at 11:08 am Author:drrufusrajadurai
google...
Top Scientists Ask Medical Journal Science To Retract Original AIDS Papers
December 9, 2008
a British investigative journalist has shown that Gallo's claim was based on last-minute alterations to documents...includes a copy of Gallos handwritten changes to the article,a letter from an electron microscopy expert indicating that Gallos samples did not contain any virus,& a letter from Gallo to a researcher verifying that HIV could not be purified directly from human materials.
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Hey came across a warning about this fella on site, (willa2k2 Male,27 from Abuja Member Since : 27 Mar 2008 Here For : Friendship About Me : Am Shimana Azer, a Nigerian, 6'4 feet tall, I love making sweet friends). You can find him on tuberly and other dating sites sprawling for would be victims and any European to provide his meal ticket out of the country.
You can find him on tuberly and other dating sites sprawling for would be victims and any European to provide his meal ticket out of the country. His friends are living witnesses to his wickedness having all graduated from the same university only to realise that his student life and current profile are just cover ups for his money making scheme. He's alleged to have infected some of his class mates n currently is desperate to hook up any white woman man or so he can travel out of the country.
scourfish(Monday 29th of December 2008 12:48:13 AM)
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scourfish(Monday 29th of December 2008 02:22:06 PM)
>>That kind of talk hurts.
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BTW, 4chan sucks.
MaxMrCoffee(Monday 29th of December 2008 02:29:43 PM)
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google...
Top Scientists Ask Medical Journal Science To Retract Original AIDS Papers
December 9, 2008
a British investigative journalist has shown that Gallo's claim was based on last-minute alterations to documents...includes a copy of Gallos handwritten changes to the article,a letter from an electron microscopy expert indicating that Gallos samples did not contain any virus,& a letter from Gallo to a researcher verifying that HIV could not be purified directly from human materials.
